Over
the years, scientists have made an important discovery that the physical world is
generally more confusing than we think. The laws of physics are considered fundamental,
although many of them are ideal or theoretical systems that are difficult to
replicate in the real world.
Like
other fields of science, new laws are being created in physics or existing laws
are being improved, and theoretical research is being done. Albert Einstein's
theory of relativity, which was formulated in the early 1900s, is based on the
theories developed by Sir Isaac Newton almost 200 years ago.
Law of Universal Gravitation
Sir
Isaac Newton's first fundamental work in physics was his important book The
Mathematical Principles of Natural Philosophy written in 1687. This book is
usually called The Principia. In this book, Newton explained the theories about
gravity and motion. His physical law of gravitational attraction states that
one body attracts another body in direct proportion to their mutual mass and
the square of the distance between them.
Three Laws of Motion
The
three laws of motion proposed by Newton in his book Principia describe how the
motion of physical bodies changes. These laws explain the basic relationship
between the acceleration of a body and the forces acting on it.
The First Law Of Motion
Anybody
will remain in a state of rest or the same state of motion until an external force
changes the state of the body.
The Second Law Of Motion
Force
is equal to the change in momentum (or the product of time
and velocity) over time.
In other words, the rate of change is directly proportional to the amount of
force applied.
Third Law Of Motion
Every
action in the physical world has an equal and opposite reaction. With the three
laws that are the basis of classical mechanics, Newton explained how bodies
naturally behave under external forces.
Law Of Conservation Of Mass And Energy
The
law of conservation of mass states that mass is neither created nor destroyed
in a chemical reaction. For example, the carbon atom in coal becomes carbon
dioxide when it burns. A carbon atom changes from a solid to a gas, but its
mass does not change. Similarly, the law of conservation of energy states that
a quantity of energy is neither created nor destroyed. For example, when you
roll a toy car down a ramp and it hits a wall, the energy is transferred from
kinetic energy to potential energy.
PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY
Albert
Einstein presented his famous equation E = mc2 in 1905 in a paper called On the
Electrodynamics of Moving Bodies. In that article, the special theory of
relativity was presented which was based on two assumptions. The laws of
physics are the same in inertial reference frames.
Principle Of Constancy Of The Speed Of Light
Light
always passes through a vacuum at a certain speed. This speed does not depend
on the state of motion of the body emitting the light. The
first law simply states that the laws of physics apply to everybody in the same
way in every situation. The second principle is more important. It states that
the speed of light in
a vacuum is constant. Unlike other types of motion, it is measured by observers
in different spatial contexts.
Laws of Thermodynamics
The
laws of the study of thermal energy are special manifestations of the law of
conservation of mass-energy because it is related to the methods of studying
thermal energy. Otto von Guericke of Germany and Robert Boyle and Robert Hooke
of Great Britain worked a lot in this field for the first time
in the 1650s. These three scientists used vacuum pumps, which were invented by
van Guerck, to study the principles of pressure and temperature.
The Zeroth Law Of Thermodynamics:
The
zeroth law of thermodynamics states that if two bodies are each in thermal
equilibrium with some third body, then they are also in equilibrium with each
other. It makes the perception of temperature possible.
THE FIRST LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
The
first law of thermodynamics states that the net heat energy supplied to a
system is equal to the sum of the change in the internal energy of the system
and the work done by the system. This means that heat energy cannot be created
or destroyed. It describes the internal energy of a system, the heat entering
the system, and the work done by the system.
THE SECOND LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
It
describes the spontaneous flow of heat within a completely isolated system.
THE THIRD LAW OF THERMODYNAMICS
It
states that it is possible to develop a thermal cracking method that is 100%
efficient.
Electrostatic Laws
Two
laws of physics describe the relationship between charged particles and the electrostatic
force they produce and their ability to create a static electric field.
Coulomb's Law
This
law was named after the French researcher Charles-Augustin Coulomb in the
1700s. The force of attraction or repulsion between two charged bodies is
directly proportional to the product of their charges
and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. If the
bodies have the same charge (increase or decrease), then these bodies will
repel each other, but if they have opposite charges,
then they will attract each other. (Point charges
are charges
whose size is at least 10 times less than the distance between them)
Gauss's Law
It
was named after the German mathematician Carl Friedrich Gauss who worked on it
in the early 19th century. According to this law, the total electric flux out
of a closed surface is equal to the charge enclosed divided by the
permittivity. Gauss also proposed similar laws to describe the relationship
between magnetism and electromagnetism.
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