In 2015, astronomers discovered a galaxy named
GN-z11 (GN-z11), which is so far away that the light
emitted from it has to travel 13.5 billion years to reach Earth. But what is so
special about the behavior of the galaxy so far away? What does this mean for
astronomers? And most importantly, why do astronomers want to direct the James
Webb Space Telescope to this area?
The discovery of the first generation of stars and
galaxies has been an important and sacred task in the field of astronomy. But
the problem is that these galaxies are very blurry and very red-shifted. This
means that the wavelength of the light
emitted from them is shifted to the red part. As of 2022, GN-z11 is the
oldest and most distant galaxy yet discovered in the observable universe.
light
from this galaxy had to travel 13.5 billion light
years.
But now astronomers have discovered a new galaxy ten
billion light-years
away from GNZ-11. They have named it HD1 and it is located in the constellation
of Sextans. However, HD One is a mystery in the galaxy. First of all, the red
color of this galaxy is due to redshift. Whenever the light
source moves away from us, the wavelength of the light
emitted from it is stretched. It means that it increases towards the red
end of the electromagnetic spectrum.
As the universe
expands, galaxies in distant space
undergo a red shift. According to Hubble's Law, the more distant the galaxy,
the faster it will move away from us and the more redshift it will produce. Astronomers
know this by looking at redshift How far the galaxy is from us. light
from HD1 takes 13.5 billion years to reach Earth. But the proper distance at
present, which assumes the expansion of the universe,
says that the universe
has expanded for 33.4 light
years, so the discovery of galaxies at such a distant distance was not such an
easy task. It includes four powerful optical and infrared telescopes, including
the Subaru Telescope, the Vista Telescope, the UK Infrared Telescope, and the
Spitzer Space
Telescope. Includes 12 hours of observation.
The
researchers had to search for HD1 in more than 7 million bodies. Although HD1
appears red, a detailed analysis of the galaxy's spectrum reveals that it is
extremely bright in the ultraviolet part of the electromagnetic spectrum. This
means that high-energy exciting events are taking place in HD1, but it is not
so easy to detect in this galaxy 13.5 billion light-years
away. The researchers said, "It is equivalent to estimating the
nationality from a flag waving in a storm and a lot of fog that will go away
from the coast of a sea ship." One can see one of the colors or shapes of
the flag but it is impossible to see it in its entirety, so it can be said that
it is a long game of overlapping and unpredictable scenarios. However, the
research team says that there can be two possibilities regarding the behavior
of this ancient galaxy. Or it could be a Herculean starburst galaxy or a very
large Nebula. But how do astronomers explain these observations and what are
the problems with these two diagrams?
A central ejecta galaxy is a galaxy in which the
rate of star formation is surprisingly high. The rate of star formation is an
important part of galactic
and extra-galactic
astronomy. The process of ejection from the core is a phase of the evolution of
a galaxy, which can be caused by various reasons. The interaction of galaxies
can cause radiation emitted from the central part of the galaxy, an example of
this happened in the case of antennae galaxies. These two galaxies have been
merging for the last ten million years and the rate of star formation due to
their interaction is incredibly high.
Astronomers calculate the number of stars that
produce so much light
from the blue regions, which show the most star formation activity and this
number is 100 stars in a year. That's 10 times more than you'd expect from that
old galaxy.
One explanation is that early-generation stars were
much hotter and brighter than modern stars. If so, then we will be seeing the light
coming from the stars called population III stars, these stars have no elements
other than hydrogen and helium.
Another possibility is that this glow is due to a
very large nebula. Nebulas are the most powerful bodies in the universe.
At the active center of this galaxy is a supermassive black hole whose nearby
material is entering the black hole at such a rapid rate that the heat
generated by it causes light to
spread throughout the universe.
The researchers calculated the mass of the
supermassive black hole to produce the light
observed under HD1, and the results were startling. They found that the mass of
the black hole should be ten million times more than the mass of the Sun. In
terms of the period, we are talking about, this may be much more. The formation
of such a massive black hole 33 million years after the Big Bang event seems
strange. But if it is a nebula, then it must be forming at an unprecedented
rate. This is a major challenge for current Big Bang theories.
The researchers hope that the James
Webb Space Telescope will be the best machine for future observations in
the early universe,
which will reveal the secret of this strange light
behavior with advanced infrared capabilities.
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